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Leslie, William D.; Johansson, Helena; McCloskey, Eugene V.; Harvey, Nicholas C.; Kanis, J. A.; Hans, Didier

2018

Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for fracture independent of FRAX® probability. We directly compared four proposed methods to improve the performance of FRAX for type 2 diabetes: (1) the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) input to FRAX, (2) the trabecular bone score (TBS)-adjustment to FRAX, (3) reducing the femoral neck T-score input to FRAX by 0.5 SD, (4) increasing the age input to FRAX by 10 years. We examined major osteoporotic fractures (MOF) and hip fractures (HF) over mean 8.3 years observation among 44,543 women and men 40 years of age or older (4136 with diabetes) with baseline lumbar spine and hip DXA during 1999-2016. Controlled for unadjusted FRAX probability, diabetes was associated with increased risk for MOF and HF. All four FRAX adjustments attenuated the effect of diabetes, but a residual effect of diabetes was seen on MOF risk after TBS adjustment, and on HF risk after the RA and TBS adjustments. Among those with diabetes, unadjusted FRAX risk underestimated MOF (observed/predicted ratio 1.15, 95% CI 1.03–1.28) but this was no longer significant after applying the diabetes adjustments. HF risk was more severely underestimated (observed/predicted ratio 1.85, 95% CI 1.51–2.20) and was only partially corrected with the diabetes adjustments (still significant for the RA and TBS adjustments). Among those with diabetes there was moderate reclassification based upon a fixed MOF cutoff of 20% (4.1–7.1%) or fixed HF cutoff of 3% (5.7–16.5%). Net reclassification improvement (NRI) increased for MOF with each of the diabetes adjustments (range 3.9–5.6% in the diabetes subgroup). In conclusion, each of the proposed methods for addressing limitations in the ability of FRAX to assess fracture risk in individuals with diabetes was found to improve performance, though no single method was optimal in all settings. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Diabetes     Secondary osteoporosis     Switzerland     TBS Osteo - All publications about FRAX